Sinus Infection (Sinusitis)

What Do the Sinuses Do?

Healthy sinuses are lined with a thin layer of mucus that traps dust, bacteria and other particles in the air. Tiny hair-like structures in the sinuses sweep the mucus (and everything trapped in it) towards openings that lead to the back of the throat. From there, it slides down into the stomach.

This continuous process is a normal body function that helps:

Keep dirt and pollutants from the nose

Humidifies and filters the air that enters the lungs

Maintain the health and comfort of the sinuses

Keep our voice resonant

What Are the Types of Sinus Infections?

Sinusitis can be categorised into different types based on duration.

• Acute Sinusitis - This is a temporary swelling of the sinuses, typically lasting less than 4 weeks. It is often caused by a viral infection such as the common cold but it can also be caused by bacteria.
• Chronic Sinusitis - This is a long-term condition that occurs when symptoms become more frequent or worse. Symptoms of chronic sinusitis often last for more than 12 weeks or continue to recur.
• Subacute Sinusitis - This type falls between acute and chronic sinusitis. Subacute sinusitis may take between 4 and 12 weeks to fully resolve.
• Recurrent Sinusitis - In this type of sinusitis, individuals experience recurrent infections or inflammation up to four times a year. Each episode lasts less than 14 days and fully resolves before the next one occurs.

Common Causes of Sinusitis

Sinus infections may result from various factors, such as:

• Viral Infections - Viruses such as those of the common cold and flu can cause inflammation and blockage in the sinus drainage.
• Bacterial Infections - In some cases, a bacterial infection can develop following a viral infection.
• Fungal Infections - Certain fungi can infect the sinuses directly or cause an allergic reaction.

How Is a Sinus Infection Diagnosed?

First, the ENT doctor will review the patient's symptoms, inquire about any history of allergies or other relevant medical conditions, and perform a physical examination. Additional diagnostic tests may then be performed, including:

• Nasal Endoscopy - An endoscope is inserted through the nostrils to examine the nasal passages for any structural issues or obstructions.
• Imaging Tests (CT scan or X-ray) - These tests provide detailed images of the sinuses to help identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to sinusitis.
• Laboratory Tests - Samples of bodily fluids or tissues may be taken to identify the specific bacteria, fungi, or viruses that cause the infection. This information can help guide treatment decisions.
• Allergy Testing - If allergies are suspected as a contributing factor, allergy testing can be done to identify allergens that trigger sinusitis. It can be useful in developing a comprehensive treatment plan, including allergy medications or immunotherapy.